Spinal tumors are abnormal masses of cells that develop within the spinal canal or the bony structures (vertebrae) that form the spine. These tumors may originate directly from the spine's own tissues (primary tumors) or can occur when cancer from another part of the body—such as the lungs, breasts, or prostate—spreads to the spine (secondary/metastatic tumors). Metastatic tumors are much more common than primary tumors and typically emerge as a complication of advanced-stage cancers.
The most common and usually the first symptom of spinal tumors is neck, back, or lower back pain. Unlike mechanical pain, this discomfort generally does not subside with rest and tends to intensify at night. As the tumor grows, it can press on the nerves or the spinal cord, leading to the following symptoms:
Contrast-enhanced MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is the most powerful tool in the diagnostic process. Computed Tomography (CT) is utilized for a detailed examination of the bone structure, while methods such as PET/CT are used to determine the spread of the tumor. A definitive diagnosis is usually established through a tissue sample (biopsy).
The treatment approach is determined by a multidisciplinary team (including neurosurgeons, oncologists, and radiologists) based on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. While surgical removal alone may be sufficient for benign tumors, malignant tumors require radiotherapy and chemotherapy in addition to surgery. Today, "Stereotactic Radiosurgery" methods (such as CyberKnife) provide successful results by precisely focusing high doses of radiation on tumors in areas where surgery is considered too risky.
In conclusion, early diagnosis of spinal tumors is of vital importance in preventing nerve damage and preserving quality of life. A specialist should be consulted immediately in cases of persistent back pain and neurological deficits.
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